Ullman and Silver (2018)
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Source Details
| Ullman and Silver (2018) | |
| Title: | Perceived Effectiveness of Potential Music Piracy Warnings |
| Author(s): | Ullman, J. R., Silver, N. C. |
| Year: | 2018 |
| Citation: | Ullman, J. R., & Silver, N. C. (2018, September). Perceived effectiveness of potential music piracy warnings. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 1353-1357). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. |
| Link(s): | Definitive |
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| About the Data | |
| Data Description: | “A total of 220 undergraduate participants from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Mean age = 20.8, SD = 3.75) voluntarily rated warnings across a variety of effectiveness dimensions as partial fulfillment for their Psychology course requirements. The study was approved by the IRB prior to obtaining consent from participants.”
“All of the components of the test warning stimuli (icon, signal word, messages) used in this study were created at 72 pixels per inch using a graphic design software program (Adobe Photoshop CC 2014).” |
| Data Type: | Primary data |
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| Cross Country Study?: | No |
| Comparative Study?: | No |
| Literature review?: | No |
| Government or policy study?: | No |
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Abstract
“Because music piracy from the internet imposes fines upon individuals, it is important to construct and test warnings in an effort to curb potentially illegal behavior. Each icon contained an eighth note to denote music, action symbol (upload or download), a prohibition symbol (slash or cross), and/or a computer for context. Four icons that initially met the ISO 67% comprehension rate were combined with various signal word and consequence messages, yielding 60 test stimuli. Results revealed that participants generally viewed the icon with a computer for context and download symbol with a prohibitive slash as opposed with a cross (“X”) symbol as more effective, than icons with an upload symbol. Signal words conveying the presence of a risk (i.e., IMPORTANT and STOP) received higher perceived effectiveness ratings than NOTICE. Increasing the number of consequences in the warning led to greater perceived warning effectiveness ratings. Hence, a possible warning for music piracy is suggested, with its implications discussed.”
Main Results of the Study
“This investigation explored potential warning labels for music piracy based on findings from warning literature. The highest perceived warning effectiveness icon was the computer with the download paired with a slash; whereas, the no computer with the download followed by the cross, had the lowest perceived warning effectiveness. IMPORTANT and STOP both communicated significantly higher perceived warning effectiveness than did NOTICE. Moreover, the combination of This is illegal. You may be monitored and fined. received the highest perceived effectiveness rating. The control (no message) received the lowest perceived effectiveness rating. Of interest, is that the singular statement of being fined was not significantly higher than the singular statement of being monitored.” “Of course, the combination of both would heighten the potential consequence. Findings indicate that the image of a cross may have obfuscated the view of meaningful symbols in the icon, thus yielding significantly lower perceived warning effectiveness ratings.”
Policy Implications as Stated By Author
The study does not make any explicit policy recommendation.
Coverage of Study
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